Skip to main navigation menu Skip to main content Skip to site footer

Articles

Vol. 1 No. 1 (2020): Debating the status of 'theory' in technology enhanced learning research

Educational theory in technology enhanced learning revisited: A model for simulation-based learning in higher education

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.82168/bxw95e47
Submitted
27 July 2026
Published
13-06-2020

Abstract

This study proposes a model that explicates how technological innovation reshapes educational theory rather than focusing on its novelty as a means to engage the learner in the process. The focus of interest is the learning process that essentially involves applying and refining professional knowledge and skills in problem context. As such, the shift goes beyond the deterministic view that emphasises on technological innovations which often arises at the expense of the theoretical underpinnings that guide their use in the learning process.

Within the broad range of available TEL innovations, this paper focuses on simulations because they offer unique approaches to learning due to their ability to allow training based on trial and error, repetition of planned activities and reflection upon action. The aims of the study are: a)to provide an innovative educational design model for teaching in higher education, drawing from a learning intervention on medical and health care professionals and b)to illuminate TEL activities organised as part of and in the context of simulations for effective learning.

Understandings gained from the study provide a roadmap on the design of TEL that includes the integration of simulation-based learning activities in knowledge and skills-based education. Theory entailed in our proposed model serves as a vehicle for reflection and critical thinking for the development of meaningful and practice oriented TEL activities in higher education settings.

References

  1. Ball, S. J. (1995). Intellectuals or technicians? The urgent role of theory in educational studies, British Journal of Educational Studies, 43(3), 255–271.
  2. Bamford, R., Humphreys, A., Burnand, H., Longman, R., Acharya, M., & Coulston, J. E. (2016). Human factors training can have an immediate impact on trainee behaviours. BMJ Simulation & Technology Enhanced Learning, 2. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjstel-2016-000158.140
  3. Bertelsen, N., DallaPiazza, M., Hopkins, M., & Ogedegbe, G. (2015). Teaching global health with simulations and case discussions in a medical student selective. Globalization and Health, 11(1), 28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-015-0111-2
  4. Biggs, J.B.(2003). Teaching for quality learning at university (2nd ed.). Maidenhead: Open University Press.
  5. Bozalek, V., Gachago, D., Alexander, L., Watters, K., Wood, D., Ivala, E. & Herrington, J. (2013). The use of emerging technologies for authentic learning: A South African study in Higher Education. British Journal of Educational Technology, 44(4), 629-638.
  6. Bradley, P. (2006). The history of simulation in medical education and possible future directions. Medical Education, 40, 254–262.
  7. Brown, J.S., Collins, A. & Duguid, P. (1989). Situated cognition and the culture of learning. Educational Researcher, 18(1), 32-42.
  8. Brush, T. and Saye, J. W. (2017) Successfully implementing problem-based learning in classrooms : Research in K-12 and teacher education. West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press.
  9. Bøje, R., Bland, A., Sutton, A., Hartvigsen, T., Hannula, L., Koivisto, J., Raussi-Lehto, E., & Prescott, S. (2017). Developing and testing transferability and feasibility of a model for educators using simulation-based learning — A European collaboration. Nurse Education Today, 58, 53–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2017.08.005
  10. Cavanaugh, S.H. (1993). Connecting education and practice. In L. Curry, & J. F. Wergin (Eds.), Educating Professionals: Responding to new expectations for competence and accountability. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
  11. Chen, L.S., Cheng, Y. M., Weng, S. F., Chen, Y.G., & Lin, C.H. (2009). Applications of a time sequence mechanism in the simulation cases of a web-based medical problem-based learning system. Educational Technology & Society, 12(1), 149–161.
  12. Claxton, G. (1996) Implicit theories of learning. In G., Claxton, T., Atkinson, M. Osborn, & M. Walace (Eds.), Liberating the learner: Lessons for professional development in education. London: Routledge.
  13. Davis, M., Gupta, S., Keating, P., Gale, A., Pimblett, M., Dickinson, M., & Hanson, J. (2014). 0163 Improving non-technical skills and group dynamics in obstetric and gynaecology (obgn) theatres. BMJ Simulation & Technology Enhanced Learning, 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjstel-2014-000002.48
  14. de Jong, T., & van Joolingen,W. R. (1998). Scientific discovery learning with computer simulations of conceptual domains. Review of Educational Research, 68, 179-201.
  15. Department of Health (2009). 150 years of the annual report of the chief medical officer: On the state of public health. Retrieved 26 September 2011, from www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/Annual Reports/DH_096206
  16. Eraut, M. (1995) Schön Shock: A case for reframing reflection in action? Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice, 1(1), 9-50.
  17. Ericsson, K.A., Krampe, R.T., & Tesch-Romer, C.(1993). The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance. Psychological Review, 100(3),363-406.
  18. Gaba, D.M.(2004). The future vision of simulation in health care. Quality Safety HealthCare, 13, i2–i10.
  19. General Medical Council (GMC) (2009). Working with Doctors, working with patients. Tomorrow’s Doctors: Outcomes and standards for undergraduate medical education. Retrieved 7 November 2014, from: http://www.gmc- uk.org/education/undergraduate/tomorrows_doctors_2009.asp
  20. Glaser, B.G. (1978). Theoretical sensitivity: Advances in the methodology of grounded theory. Mill Valley, CA: Sociology Press.
  21. Goh, P. (2016). The value and impact of eLearning or Technology enhanced learning from one perspective of a Digital Scholar. MedEdPublish, 5(3), 31. https://doi.org/10.15694/mep.2016.000117
  22. Goodyear, P. & Zenios, M. (2007). Discussion, collaborative knowledge work and epistemic fluency. British Journal of Educational Studies, 55 (4), 351-368.
  23. Hall, R. (2016). Technology-enhanced learning and co-operative practice against the neoliberal university. Interactive Learning Environments, 24( 5) 1004–15.
  24. Hung, W., Jonassen, D. H., & Liu, R. (2008). Problem-based learning. In J. M. Spector, J. G. van Merriënboer, M. D., Merrill, & M. Driscoll (Eds.), Handbook of research on educational communications and technology (3rd ed., pp. 485-506). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
  25. Hung, C., Liu, H., Lin, C., & Lee, B. (2016). Development and validation of the simulation-based learning evaluation scale. Nurse Education Today, 40, 72–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2016.02.016
  26. Issenburg, S. B., & Scales, R.,J.(2008). Simulation in health care education. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 51(1), 31-46.
  27. Jonassen, D. H. , & Hung, W. (2008). All Problems are Not Equal: Implications for Problem-Based Learning. Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-based Learning, 2(2). http://dx.doi.org/10.7771/1541-5015.1080
  28. Jones, C.R., Ferreday, D. & Hodgson V., (2008) Networked learning a relational approach: weak and strong ties. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 24(2), 90-102.
  29. Kirkpatrick, K. & Mackinnon, R. J. (2012) Technology-enhanced learning in anaesthesia and educational theory. Continuing Education in Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain, 12(5), 263–267.
  30. Kirkwood A. & Price, L. (2013). Technology-enhanced learning and teaching in higher education: what is ‘enhanced’ and how do we know? A critical literature review. Learning, Media and Technology, 39(1). DOI:10.1080/17439884.2013.770404
  31. Kneebone, R. (2003). Simulation in surgical training: Educational issues and practical implications. Medical Education, 37(3), 267–77.
  32. Kneebone, R., Kidd, J., Nestel, D., Asvall, S., Paraskeva, P., & Darzi, A.(2002). An innovative model for teaching and learning clinical procedures. Medical Education, 36(7), 628–634.
  33. Kolb, D.A. (1984). The experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. Engelwood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
  34. Kurilovas, E. & Kubilinskiene, S. (2020). Lithuanian case study on evaluating suitability, acceptance and use of IT tools by students – An example of applying Technology Enhanced Learning Research methods in Higher Education. Computers in Human Behavior, 107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106274.
  35. Lave, J, & Wenger, E. (1991). Situated Learning.: Legitimate peripheral participation. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press.
  36. Lu, J., Hallinger, P., & Showanasai, P. (2014). Simulation-based learning in management education. Journal of Management Development, 33(3), 218–244. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-11-2011-0115
  37. Maran, N.J. & Glavin, R. J. (2003). Low- to high-fidelity simulation – A continuum of medical education? Medical Education, 37(1), 22–28.
  38. Marland, P. (1997). Towards more effecting open and distance teaching. London: Kogan Page.
  39. McGaghie, W.C., Issenberg, S.B., Petrousa, E.R. & Scalese, R.J. (2016). Revisiting ‘A critical review of simulation-based medical education research: 2003–2009’. Medical Education, 50. 986–991
  40. Meyers, N. M. & Nulty, D.D. (2009). How to use (five) curriculum design principles to align authentic learning environments, assessment, students' approaches to thinking and learning outcomes. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 34(5), 565 — 577.
  41. Motschnig-Pitrik, R. & Standl, B. (2013) Person-centered technology enhanced learning: Dimensions of added value. Computers in Human Behavior, 29 (2), 401–409.
  42. Nash E, Paladugu M, Crowther J, Dickinson, M., Pimblett, M. & Lees, L. (2015) Enhancing student learning by combining problem-based learning and human patient simulation. BMJ Simulation and Technology Enhanced Learning 1:A63.
  43. NESC (2008) E-learning Scoping Exercise for NHS South Central: results and recommendations: Part One: Trusts and PCTs. Retrieved 20 January 2010, from http://www.nesc.nhs.uk/Docs/06052008%20-%20Final%20report%20(Public%20copy)%20-%20v8%20AGW.doc
  44. NHS (2014). European Working Time Directive, Retrieved 7 November 2014, from http://www.nhsemployers.org/your-workforce/need-to-know/european-working-time-directive
  45. O’Loughlin K, Thomas L. & Runnacles J. (2016). Quality assurance of debriefing practices using the paediatric OSAD tool for peer review: experience from a UK paediatric simulation network. BMJ Simulation and Technology Enhanced Learning, 2:A54.
  46. Pilkington, R. & Walker, A. (2004). Facilitating debate in networked learning: reflecting on online synchronous discussion in higher education. In P. Goodyear, S. Banks, V. Hodgson & D. McConnell (Eds.), Advances in research on networked learning (pp. 123–151). New York NY: Kluwer.
  47. Rogers, C.R. (1961). On becoming a person, London: Constable.
  48. Rooks, R. N. & Dorsey Holliman, B. (2018). Facilitating Undergraduate Learning through Community-Engaged Problem-Based Learning, International Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, 12(2), Art. 9. https://doi.org/10.20429/ijsotl.2018.120209
  49. Scalese, R. J., Obeso, V.T., & Issenberg, S.B.(2007). Simulation technology for skills training and competency assessment in medical education. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 23(1), 46–9.
  50. Schön, D.A. (1983). The Reflective practitioner: How professionals think in action. New York: Basic Books.
  51. Sclater, M. (2016) Beneath Our Eyes: An Exploration of the Relationship between Technology Enhanced Learning and Socio‐Ecological Sustainability in Art and Design Higher Education. International Journal of Art & Design Education, 35(3), 296–306.
  52. Selwyn, N. (2012) Making sense of young people, education and digital technology: The role of sociological theory. Oxford Review of Education, 38(1) 81–96.
  53. Tait, J. & Knight, P. (1996). The Management of Independent Learning. London: Kogan Page.
  54. Takahashi, S., & Saito, E. (2013). Unraveling the process and meaning of problem-based learning experiences. Higher Education, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-013-9629-5
  55. Thanaraj, A., & Williams, S. (2016). Supporting the adoption of technology enhanced learning by academics at universities. Journal of Teaching and Learning with Technology, 5(1), 59-86. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/jotlt.v5n1.18985
  56. Thumlert, K., de Castell, S. & Jenson, J. (2015). Short cuts and extended techniques: Rethinking relations between technology and educational theory. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 47(8). doi: 10.1080/00131857.2014.901163.
  57. Ustunel, H.H., & Tokel, S.T. (2018). 8).Distributed scaffolding: Synergy in technology-enhanced learning environments. Technology, Knowledge and Learning, 23(1), 129–160.
  58. Van der Meig, J. & De Jong, T. (2006). Supporting students’ learning with multiple representations in a dynamic simulation-based learning environment. Learning and Instruction, 16, 199-212.
  59. Wenger, E. (1998). Communities of practice: Learning meaning and identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  60. Wong, F.K.Y , Kember, D , Chung, L.Y.F. & Yan, L. (1995). Assessing the level of student reflection from reflective journals. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 22, 48-57.
  61. Zenios, M., Banks, F. & Moon B. (2004). Stimulating professional development through CMC: A case study of networked learning and initial teacher education. In P. Goodyear, S., Banks, V. Hodgson and McConnell, D. (Eds.), Advances in research on networked learning, (pp. 123-151). MA: Kluwer.
  62. Zenios, M (2008) Technology enhanced learning for teacher development: A case study of professional learning and initial teacher education. Saarbruken: VDM.
  63. Zenios, M. (2011). Epistemic activities and collaborative learning: Towards an analytical model for studying knowledge construction in networked learning settings. Journal of Computer- Assisted Learning. 27 (3), 259-268.