Proposing a Gradient of Humanism/Non-Humanism and Understanding The Contributions of Body-Minds To Social Practices
Abstract
The world is constantly changing, as are the social practices that comprise it. In view of the growing numbers and types of dynamic non-humans recruited into social practices, and what the significance of humans might be in this crowd, this article presents three interrelated lines of thinking in two main sections. The first section discusses whether there are any potential differences between humanist and post-humanist varieties of social practice theories, and instead of favouring one or the other, advocates for some middle ground by proposing a gradient of humanism. The second section explores how human body-minds (bodies) can be conceptualised more distinctively in theories of social practice, and in doing so, invokes the persistent question of whether distinctions between humans and non-humans in social practices can be usefully made and, if so, what roles they might play. The conclusion reflects on the previous discussion and revisits the recursive relationship between practices and bodies, highlighting important nuances and complexities while advocating for an expanded conceptualisation of bodies as more than simple carriers of practices and moving beyond dichotomies of humanist/post-humanist accounts of practice.
Keywords
bodies, dynamism, materiality, more-than-human, non-human, perfrormance
References
- Anderson, B. and McFarlane, C. (2011) 'Assemblage and Geography', Area, 43(2), pp. 124-127. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4762.2011.01004.x
- Bennett, J. (2005) 'The Agency of Assemblages and the North American Blackout', Public Culture, 17(3), pp. 445-466. https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-17-3-445
- Bennett, J. (2010) Vibrant Matter: A Political Ecology of Things. Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822391623
- Braidotti, R. (2006) 'Posthuman, All Too Human: Towards a New Process Ontology', Theory, Culture and Society, 23(7-8), pp. 197-208. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276406069232
- Braidotti, R. (2018) 'A Theoretical Framework for the Critical Posthumanities', Theory, Culture & Society, 36(6), pp. 31-61. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276418771486
- Brümmer, K. and Alkemeyer, T. (2017) ‘Practice as a Shared Accomplishment: Intercorporeal Attunement in Acrobatics’. In Meyer, C. and v. Wedelstaedt, U. (Eds.) Moving Bodies in Interaction – Interacting Bodies in Motion, pp. 27-56. John Benjamins Publishing Company. https://doi.org/10.1075/ais.8.02bru
- Bruusgaard, J., Johansen, I., Egner, I., Rana, Z., and Gundersen, K. (2010) 'Myonuclei Acquired by Overload Exercise Precede Hypertrophy and are Not Lost on Detraining', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(34), pp. 15111-15116. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0913935107
- Castree, N. and Nash, C. (2006) 'Posthuman Geographies', Social & Cultural Geography, 7(4), pp. 501-504. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649360600825620
- Coole, D. (2005) 'Rethinking Agency: A Phenomenological Approach to Embodiment and Agentic Capacities', Political Studies, 53(1), pp. 124-142. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2005.00520.x
- Coole, D. (2013) 'Agentic Capacities and Capacious Historical Materialism: Thinking with New Materialisms in the Political Sciences', Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 41(3), pp. 451-469. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305829813481006
- Coole, D. and Frost, S. (2010) New Materialisms: Ontology, Agency, and Politics. Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822392996
- Cozza, M. and Gherardi, S. (2024) ‘The Posthumanist Epistemology of Practice Theory’. In Cozza, M. and Gherardi, S. (Eds.) The Posthumanist Epistemology of Practice Theory: Re-Imagining Method in Organization Studies and Beyond , pp. 1-34. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-42276-8
- Custers, B. and Fosch-Villaronga, E. (2022) Law and Artificial Intelligence: Regulating AI and Applying AI in Legal Practice. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-523-2
- de la Bellacasa, M. (2012) '’Nothing Comes Without Its World’: Thinking with Care', The Sociological Review, 60(2), pp. 197-216. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.2012.02070.x
- Franklin, A. (2006) 'Burning Cities: A Posthumanist Account of Australians and Eucalypts', Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 24(4), pp. 555-576. https://doi.org/10.1068/d0105
- Gherardi, S. (2017) ‘Sociomateriality in Posthuman Practice Theory’. In Hui, A., Shove, E., and Schatzki, T. (Eds.) The Nexus of Practices: Connections, Constellations, Practitioners, pp. 38–51. Routledge. Part of: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315560816
- Gherardi, S. (2024). How Practice Theory Participates in Critical Posthumanist Conversations. de Vaujany, F., Gherardi, S. and Silva, P. (Eds.) Organization Studies and Posthumanism: Towards a More-Than-Human World , pp. 162-182. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781032617169-9
- Gherardi, S. (2025) 'What is the Place of the Human Being in Practice Theories? An Answer from a Posthumanist Position', The Journal of Practice Theory, 1, pp. 1-15. https://doi.org/10.71936/wkm2-9s32
- Greenhough, B. (2011) 'Citizenship, Care and Companionship: Approaching Geographies of Health and Bioscience', Progress in Human Geography, 35(2), pp. 153-171. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132510376258
- Handel, A., and Ramagopalan, S. (2010) 'Is Lamarckian Evolution Relevant to Medicine?', BMC Medical Genetics, 11(1), pp. 73. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2350-11-73
- Ingold, T. and Kurttila, T. (2000) 'Perceiving the Environment in Finnish Lapland', Body & Society, 6(3-4), pp. 183-196. https://doi.org/10.1177/1357034x00006003010
- Ingold, T. and Palsson, G. (2013) Biosocial Becomings: Integrating Social and Biological Anthropology. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139198394
- Latour, B. (1992) ‘Where Are the Missing Masses? The Sociology of a Few Mundane Artifacts’. In W. E. Bijker, W. and Law, J. (Eds.) Shaping Technology/Building Society: Studies in Sociotechnical Change, pp. 225-258. MIT Press.
- Latour, B. (1993) We Have Never Been Modern. Harvard University Press. [No DOI available]
- Latour, B. (2005) Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199256044.001.0001
- Maller, C. (2017) ‘Epigenetics, Theories of Social Practice and Lifestyle Disease’. In Hui, A., Shove, E., and Schatzki, T. (Eds.) The Nexus of Practices: Connections, Constellations, Practitioners, pp. 68–80. Routledge. Part of: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315560816
- Maller, C. (2018) Healthy Urban Environments: More-Than-Human Theories. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315620534
- Maller, C. (2019) ‘Dynamic Bodies in Theories of Social Practice: Vibrant Materials and More-Than-Human Assemblages’. In C. Maller, C. and Strengers, Y. (Eds.) Social Practices and Dynamic Non-Humans: Nature, Materials and Technologies, 87-107. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92189-1_5
- Maller, C. and Strengers, Y. (2013) 'The Global Migration of Everyday Life: Investigating the Practice Memories of Australian Migrants', Geoforum, 44, pp. 243-252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2012.09.002
- Maller, C. and Strengers, Y. (2015) ‘Resurrecting Sustainable Practices: Using Memories of the Past to Intervene in the Future’. In Y. Strengers and C. Maller (Eds.) Social Practices, Intervention and Sustainability: Beyond Behaviour Change, pp. 147-162. Routledge. Part of: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315816494
- Maller, C. and Strengers, Y. (Eds.). (2019) Social Practices and Dynamic Non-Humans: Nature, Materials and Technologies. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92189-1
- Maller, C. (2023) 'Resetting Urban Human‐Microbial Relations in Pandemic Times', Geography Compass, 17(3), pp. e12680. https://doi.org/10.1111/gec3.12680
- Marcus, G. and Saka, E. (2006) 'Assemblage', Theory, Culture & Society, 23(2-3), pp. 101-106. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276406062573
- Meloni, M. (2014) 'How Biology Became Social, And What It Means for Social Theory', The Sociological Review, 62(3), pp. 593-614. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-954X.12151
- Meloni, M., Wakefield-Rann, R. and Mansfield, B. (2022) 'Bodies of the Anthropocene: On the Interactive Plasticity of Earth Systems and Biological Organisms', The Anthropocene Review, 9(3), pp. 473-493. https://doi.org/10.1177/20530196211001517
- Meloni, M., Williams, S. J., and Martin, P. (2016) Biosocial Matters: Rethinking the Sociology-Biology Relations in the Twenty-First Century. The Sociological Review Monographs Series, 64(1), pp. 1-283. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/2059-7932.12026
- Milagro, F., Mansego, M., De Miguel, C. and Martínez, J. (2013) 'Dietary Factors, Epigenetic Modifications and Obesity Outcomes: Progresses and Perspectives', Molecular Aspects of Medicine, 34(4), pp. 782-812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mam.2012.06.010
- Mol, A. (2002) The Body Multiple: Ontology in Medical Practice. Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822384151
- Mol, A. (2008) The Logic of Care: Health and the Problem of Patient Choice. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203927076
- Mol, A. (2013) 'Mind Your Plate! The Ontonorms of Dutch Dieting', Social Studies of Science, 43(3), pp. 379-396. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312712456948
- Morley, J. (2019) ‘How Software Matters: Connective Tissue and Self-Driving Cars’. In Maller, C. and Strengers, Y. (Eds.) Social Practice and Dynamic Non-Humans: Nature, Materials and Technologies, pp. 173-192. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92189-1_9
- Nicolini, D. (2012) Practice Theory, Work, and Organization: An Introduction. Oxford University Press. [No DOI available]
- Pepperberg, I. (2013) Alex and Me: How a Scientist and a Parrot Discovered a Hidden World of Animal Intelligence - and Formed a Deep Bond in the Process. Scribe Publications. [No DOI available]
- Pickering, A. (1993) 'The Mangle of Practice: Agency and Emergence in the Sociology of Science', American Journal of Sociology, 99(3), pp. 559-589. https://doi.org/10.1086/230316
- Reckwitz, A. (2002a) 'The Status of the "Material" in Theories of Culture: From "Social Structure" to "Artefacts"', Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 32(2), pp. 195-217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-5914.00183
- Reckwitz, A. (2002b) 'Toward a Theory of Social Practices: A Development in Culturalist Theorizing', European Journal of Social Theory, 5(2), pp. 243-263. https://doi.org/10.1177/13684310222225432
- Rinkinen, J., Shove, E. and Smits, M. (2019) 'Cold Chains in Hanoi and Bangkok: Changing Systems of Provision and Practice', Journal of Consumer Culture, 19(3), pp. 379-397. https://doi.org/10.1177/1469540517717783
- Sahakian, M. and Wilhite, H. (2014) 'Making Practice Theory Practicable: Towards More Sustainable Forms of Consumption', Journal of Consumer Culture, 14(1), pp. 25-44. https://doi.org/10.1177/1469540513505607
- Schatzki, T. (2001) Introduction: Practice theory. In Schatzki, T., Knorr-Cetina, K. and von Savigny, E. (Eds.) The Practice Turn in Contemporary Theory (pp. 1-14). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203977453
- Schatzki, T. (2002) The Site of The Social: A Philosophical Account of the Constitution of Social Life and Change. Penn State Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780271023717
- Schatzki, T. (2010) 'Materiality and Social Life', Nature and Culture, 5(2), pp. 123-149. https://doi.org/10.3167/nc.2010.050202
- Shove, E. (2017) ‘Matters of Practice’. In Hui, A., Shove, E., and Schatzki, T. (Eds.) The Nexus of Practices: Connections, Constellations, Practitioners, pp. 155-168. Routledge. Part of: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315560816
- Shove, E., Blue, S. and Kelly, M. (2024) 'Categorising and Cohabiting: Practices as the Site of Biosocial Becoming', Social Theory & Health, 22(2), pp. 156-171. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41285-024-00204-7
- Shove, E., Pantzar M. and Watson, M. (2012) The Dynamics of Social Practice: Everyday Life and How It Changes. SAGE. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446250655
- Shove, E. and Trentmann, F. (2019) Infrastructures in Practice: The Dynamics of Demand in Networked Societies. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351106177
- Stengers, I. (2010) ‘Including Nonhumans in Political Theory: Opening Pandora's Box?’ In Braun, B. and Whatmore, S. (Eds.) Political Matter: Technoscience, Democracy, and Public Life, pp. 3-34. University of Minnesota Press. [No DOI available]
- Strengers, Y., Nicholls, L. and Maller, C. (2016) 'Curious Energy Consumers: Humans and Nonhumans in Assemblages of Household Practice', Journal of Consumer Culture, 16(3), pp. 761-780. https://doi.org/10.1177/1469540514536194
- Taylor, M. (2024) The Animal Mind: Profiles of Intelligence and Emotion. Abrams. [No DOI available]
- Todd, Z. (2016) 'An Indigenous Feminist's Take on The Ontological Turn: ‘Ontology’ Is Just Another Word for Colonialism', Journal of Historical Sociology, 29(1), pp. 4-22. https://doi.org/10.1111/johs.12124
- Tynan, L. (2021) 'What is Relationality? Indigenous Knowledges, Practices and Responsibilities with Kin', Cultural Geographies, 28(4), pp. 597-610. https://doi.org/10.1177/14744740211029287
- Wallenborn, G. (2013) Extended Bodies and The Geometry of Practices. In Shove, E. and Spurling, N. (Eds.) Sustainable Practices: Social Theory and Climate Change, pp. 146-164. Routledge. Part of: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203071052
